συνοδικός
April 4 / March 22
2018 (7526)
HOLY WEEK: Great Wednesday • Μεγάλη Τετάρτη
In the Orthodox Church, the theme of Holy and Great Wednesday is the commemoration of the sinful woman who anointed Jesus before his Crucifixion and Burial; a second theme is the agreement to betray Jesus made by Judas Iscariot. It is on account of the agreement made by Judas to betray Jesus on this day that Orthodox Christians fast on Wednesdays (as well as Fridays) throughout the year.
Hymn of Kassiani: O Lord, the woman who had fallen into many sins, sensing Your Divinity, takes upon herself the duty of a myrrh-bearer. With lamentations she brings you myrrh in anticipation of your entombment. "Woe to me!" she cries, "for me night has become a frenzy of licentiousness, a dark and moonless love of sin. Receive the fountain of my tears, O You who gather into clouds the waters of the sea. Incline unto me, unto the sighings of my heart, O You who bowed the heavens by your ineffable condescension. I will wash your immaculate feet with kisses and dry them again with the tresses of my hair; those very feet at whose sound Eve hid herself in fear when she heard You walking in Paradise in the twilight of the day. As for the multitude of my sins and the depths of Your judgments, who can search them out, O Savior of souls, my Savior? Do not disdain me Your handmaiden, O You who are boundless in mercy."
• "THE IZBORSK" Icon of the Mother of God (1657)
Ἡ Ἁγία Δροσὶς καὶ οἱ σὺν αὐτῇ πέντε Κανονικὲς
多罗斯达是皇帝图拉真的女儿。当她同其他五名妇女收敛为基督殉道的人的尸体时遭到了逮捕。由此，皇帝将她毁容。这五名妇女遭受了极端残暴的折磨，最后，她们被投入到一个装有黄铜溶液的大缸里致死。多罗斯达则处在皇帝的严格监控之下。多罗斯达后来逃离了皇宫，在一个河中接受了浸礼。八天过后，她婚归天国。
The daughter of the Emperor Trajan, she was seized with five other women when they were gathering the bodies of the martyrs who had suffered for Christ by night, and was for this cruelly mutilated by the Emperor. The five women were terribly tortured and at last thrown into molten copper, where they surrendered their souls to their Lord. But Drosida remained under strict imperial guard. However, she escaped from the court and baptised herself in a river. After eight days she gave her soul into God's hands.
• MM CALLINICA (also Callinice, Calliniki or Kallinike) 卡利尼喀 and BASILISSA (also Vasilissa) 瓦西利萨 of Rome, Martyred in Galatia (3rd c.) Asia Minor
Οἱ Ἁγίες Βασίλισσα καὶ Καλλινίκη οἱ Μάρτυρες
Sts Callinica and Basilissa were wealthy matrons who spent their fortunes bringing aid to the imprisoned Christians in their area. They were arrested for their generosity and beheaded by the sword at Rome in the year 252.
• MM OCTAVIAN Archdeacon of the Church in Carthage in North Africa martyred with several thousand Companions (484) under the Arian Vandal King Hunneric
• SATURNINUS and Companions of a group of 10 Martyrs in North Africa
• Hosiosmartyress SOPHIA 索斐亚 Grinöva (1941) Schemaabbess of Protection of the Mother of God Convent in Kiev, spiritual daughter of Venerable Anatoly (Potapov) and Nektary of Optina; and her priest DEMETRIUS Ivanov (1934)
Ἡ Ἁγία Σοφία ἡ Ὁσιομάρτυς
Ὁ Ἅγιος Δημήτριος ὁ Ἱερομάρτυρας
• New Hieromartyr BASIL Zelentsov, bishop of Priluk
• ARTEMON Bishop of Seleukia (1st c.)
• Hieromartyr BASIL 瓦西里 presbyter of Ancyra (362)
Ὁ Ἅγιος Βασίλειος ὁ Ἱερομάρτυρας Πρεσβύτερος Ἀγκύρας
在康斯坦蒂乌斯在位期间，瓦西里饱经了亚兰人的折磨。当时，他在安西拉忠心地牧羊信众，对东正教投入了极大的热忱，并广为人知。在叛教者犹利安继位之后，开始了对基督徒进行迫害。因为当时瓦西里公开地揭穿了信仰上的错谬，并增强信众的信仰，由此，他被投入到了监狱。当犹利安来到安西拉时，瓦西里被带到了他的面前。犹利安试图说服瓦西里放弃基督信仰，并许诺要给他荣誉和财富。瓦西里回答犹利安说：“我所相信的基督，赐给你在世上的王国，但是你却背叛了他；因此，他将会收回你的王位。你在八岁时险造杀戮，但是你却获得了上帝的拯救，难道你不觉得羞愧吗？因此，你的王位将难以久享，你的肉身在受尽苦楚魂飞魄散之后，尸首也不能入土为安。”犹利安大怒，下令每天从他的身上剥下七条皮肤来。就这样，瓦西里被施以酷刑好几天的时间。当他被带到犹利安面前时，瓦西里用从他身上剥下的“皮带”向犹利安仍去，对他说：“犹利安，接着！如果你觉得我的皮、我的肉是甜美的，就请吃下吧！但是对我来说基督才是生命。”这事件传遍了整个城市，犹利安出于羞愧而离开了安西拉，返回了安提约希亚。他们继续对瓦西里施以酷刑，将他放在烧红的铁块上，直到被折磨而死为止。当时是公元363年。
Saint Basil suffered martyrdom in 363 under Julian the Apostate and Saturninus, the Governor of Ancyra. He was denounced to the governor and made to appear before him. After questioning, he was suspended from a pole and his sides were rasped. He was thrown into prison. Before long he was taken out and tortured still more violently. Bound in chains, he was then again locked up in prison. When Julian the Apostate passed through Ancyra some days later, the Saint was brought before him and submitted to another interrogation. Then the Emperor delivered him over to which he did at once...The Saint committed his soul to God in the midst of the tortures.
This Saint should not be confused with Holy Martyr Basil of Ancyra (January 2) who was a layman and not a presbyter.
• The 12 Year Old Martyr BASIL of Mangazea in Siberia, Wonderworker (1602)
Ὁ Ἅγιος Βασίλειος ὁ Θαυματουργὸς Μανγκαζίας Σιβηρίας
• DARERCA (also Moninne or Moinenn), W., Pat. of Valencia Island, Iveragh, Kerry (5th c.) the sister of St Patrick of Ireland and the mother of fifteen sons, some of which became saints
Her name is derived from the Irish "Diar-Sheare", which means constant and firm love. She is reputed to have had fifteen sons, some ten of whom became bishops.
• Virgin DEGHITCHE (Deghitghi)
Colgan offers a passing conjecture, that the present holy woman may be identical, with a St Geghia, of Inis Geghe, who is mentioned, in the Irish Life of St Farannan.
• VM DROSIS of Antioch (4th c.)
• EPAPHRODITUS (1st c.) the 1st Bishop of Terracina in Italy. He may have been one of the Seventy Apostles and mentioned by the Apostle Paul in Philippians 2:25)
• Hosiosmartyr EUTHYMIUS 艾弗提弥 the New, of Dimitsana in the Peloponnesos and monk of Prodromou of Mt Athos (1814) at Constantinople
Ὁ Ἅγιος Εὐθύμιος ὁ Ὁσιομάρτυρας ὁ ἐκ Δημητσάνης
艾弗提弥出生于伯罗奔尼撒的蒂米扎纳村。从年幼时起，他就过着虔敬的基督徒的生活，后来，他来到了罗马尼亚，在那里过着败坏的生活。由于受到了魔鬼的引诱，他还改信了伊斯兰教。但是艾弗提弥很快就痛改前非，他重新回到了基督的怀抱，并在阿托斯圣山成了一名修士。经过几年的斋戒和祷告之后，他决定为基督而殉道。他在他的神父那里领受了祝福，然后前往君士坦丁堡，成功地来到了大长官面前。艾弗提弥开始自己划十字，赞美基督，然后当着大长官的面羞辱穆罕默德。为此，艾弗提弥受尽了折磨，被判处死刑，于公元1814年3月22日在棕榈主日这天遭到了斩首。他的圣髑医治了不少病人。他的圣头被安放在阿托斯圣山上的俄罗斯的潘塔里昂修道院中。这位年仅20岁的年轻人当初对基督死心，后来却为了基督而死。
• FAILBHE (Fáilbe mac Pípáin) (680) the 8th Abbot of Iona in Scotland. He came from Ireland and was the brother of St Finan of Rath
One of about 20 saints of the same name commemorated in Irish and Scottish menologies.
• HERLINDA (also Harlindis or Herlindis) and Relindis (also Renildis, Reinilda, Renula or Renule) Fnders. and Abbesses at Maeseyck (also Maaseik or Maaseyck) (8th c.) Belgium
• ISAAC 伊萨克 founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople (383)
• Martyr KALLIOPIOS (310) in Pompeiopolis, today Viranşehir / Mezitli near Mersin in Turkey
• LEA of Rome, Matr., W., Abs. (4th c.)
Born to the wealthy nobility, she lived and was married in Rome, Italy. Widow. She supported the house run by Saint Marcella, working as a menial servants, and later served as the group’s superior. Known for her austere lifestyle and extreme penances. Saint Jerome wrote a panegyric in her honor.
• LIAMHAN (Liavan or Liaman) (518)
• Martyr MAMANT of Lungisia
• MOLOCCA the son of Colman Finn
• PAUL 帕弗罗 bishop of Narbonne, Brittany (3rd c.)
Consecrated in Rome towards the middle of the third century and sent to France to preach the Gospel, which he did with great success in Narbonne.
• Translation (866) of relics of VM REGINA of Burgund (286)
• TRIEN (Trienan) Abbot of Killelga in Ireland (5th c.) a disciple of St Patrick
GREAT WEDNESDAY
• The High Priests Decision to Kill Christ (Mat. 26:1-16; Mark 14:1-11; Luke 22:1-6)
ST MATTHEW 宗徒瑪特斐述 26:1 Now it came to pass, when Jesus had finished all these sayings, that He said to His disciples, 伊伊穌斯此言旣竟、謂宗徒曰、 2 «You know that after two days is the Passover, and the Son of Man will be delivered up to be crucified.» 爾知越二日、乃葩斯哈、人子卽見賣、釘於刑架、 3 Then the chief priests, the scribes, and the elders of the people assembled at the palace of the high priest, who was called Caiaphas, 時司祭首學士族長、咸集司祭首名喀伊阿發院、 4 and plotted to take Jesus by trickery and kill Him. 共議以詭謀執伊伊穌斯而殺之、 5 But they said, «Not during the feast, lest there be an uproar among the people.» 且曰、惟瞻禮期不可、恐民生亂、 6 And when Jesus was in Bethany at the house of Simon the leper, 主在微發尼亞、號癩者西孟家時、 7 a woman came to Him having an alabaster flask of very costly fragrant oil, and she poured it on His head as He sat at the table. 有婦以石瓶盛至貴膏、就主席閒、以膏沃其首、 8 But when His disciples saw it, they were indignant, saying, «Why this waste? 宗徒見而慍之曰、惡用此糜費為、 9 For this fragrant oil might have been sold for much and given to the poor.» 此膏可鬻多金以濟貧、 10 But when Jesus was aware of it, He said to them, «Why do you trouble the woman? For she has done a good work for Me. 主鑒其意謂之曰、何擾此婦、婦行於我者、善也、 11 For you have the poor with you always, but Me you do not have always. 因貧者爾常偕、惟我爾不常有、 12 For in pouring this fragrant oil on My body, she did it for My burial. 婦沃此膏於我體、乃先備我殮葬、 13 Assuredly, I say to you, wherever this gospel is preached in the whole world, what this woman has done will also be told as a memorial to her.» 誠告爾、普天之下、無論何處傳此福音、亦必述婦所行以為記、 14 Then one of the twelve, called Judas Iscariot, went to the chief priests 時十二徒之一、伊斯喀利爾沃特人、伊屋達詣司祭首等、 15 and said, «What are you willing to give me if I deliver Him to you?» And they counted out to him thirty pieces of silver. 曰、爾欲予我幾何、我以彼付爾、遂許銀三十圓、 16 So from that time he sought opportunity to betray Him. 自是、伊屋達尋機賣之、
ST MARK 宗徒瑪爾克述 14:1 After two days it was the Passover and the Feast of Unleavened Bread. And the chief priests and the scribes sought how they might take Him by trickery and put Him to death. 越二日、將值葩斯哈及除酵禮期、司祭首學士等、謀設何詭計、執伊伊穌斯殺之、 2 But they said, «Not during the feast, lest there be an uproar of the people.» 惟曰瞻禮期不可、恐民生亂、 3 And being in Bethany at the house of Simon the leper, as He sat at the table, a woman came having an alabaster flask of very costly oil of spikenard. Then she broke the flask and poured it on His head. 主在微發尼亞、號癩者西孟家、席卧時、有婦以石瓶、盛至淨至貴那爾德香膏來前、擊瓶、沃膏於主首、 4 But there were some who were indignant among themselves, and said, «Why was this fragrant oil wasted? 有數人慍之曰、惡用是糜費此膏、 5 For it might have been sold for more than three hundred denarii and given to the poor.» And they criticized her sharply. 此膏鬻銀三百圓有奇、可濟貧、因慍之、 6 But Jesus said, «Let her alone. Why do you trouble her? She has done a good work for Me. 主曰、姑聽之、何為撓之、婦予我為者善、 7 For you have the poor with you always, and whenever you wish you may do them good; but Me you do not have always. 夫貧者偕爾常有、欲善視之、隨時可得、若我、則爾不常有、 8 She has done what she could. She has come beforehand to anoint My body for burial. 婦今所為、乃盡其心、彼預膏我躬者、備葬事、 9 Assuredly, I say to you, wherever this gospel is preached in the whole world, what this woman has done will also be told as a memorial to her.» 誠告爾、普天下、無論何處、傳此福音、亦應述婦所行、為記之、 10 Then Judas Iscariot, one of the twelve, went to the chief priests to betray Him to them. 十二徒之一、伊斯喀利爾沃特人、伊屋達、詣司祭首等、欲賣主予彼、 11 And when they heard it, they were glad, and promised to give him money. So he sought how he might conveniently betray Him. 彼衆聞之甚喜、遂許以金、於是伺隙以主付之、
ST LUKE 宗徒魯喀述 22:1Now the Feast of Unleavened Bread drew near, which is called Passover. 除酵禮期、名葩斯哈、將近、 2 And the chief priests and the scribes sought how they might kill Him, for they feared the people. 司祭首學士等、尋隙殺伊伊穌斯、因畏民、 3 Then Satan entered Judas, surnamed Iscariot, who was numbered among the twelve. 薩他那已入伊屋達心、係稱伊斯喀利爾沃特、乃十二徒之一、 4 So he went his way and conferred with the chief priests and captains, how he might betray Him to them. 遂詣司祭首族長處、計賣伊伊穌斯、 5 And they were glad, and agreed to give him money. 彼聞之喜、許以金、 6 So he promised and sought opportunity to betray Him to them in the absence of the multitude. 伊屋達諾、乃尋機、乘衆不在、執付之、
Having concluded the above sermons to His disciples, the Lord predicted the fast approaching hour of His sufferings on the cross through the words narrated by Evangelist Matthew only: “You know that after two days is the Passover, and the Son of Man will be delivered up to be crucified.” The feast of Pascha began on the evening of 14Th of Nisan,” which fell that year on a Friday (see John 19:14): we can conclude from this, that these words were uttered either on Tuesday night or on Wednesday.
Passover was the greatest and most triumphant feast among the Jews. It was celebrated in memory of the liberation of Jews from Egyptian bondage. The word itself “pascha” is a derivative from the Jewish “peisah,” which means: “pass by,” “spare” in memory of that moment, when after killing the Egyptian first-born, the Angel walked past all those Jewish houses that had their door jambs and cross-beams smeared with the blood of a sacrificial lamb, thereby sparing the Jewish first-born (Exo. Chp. 12). In conjunction with the feast day of “Unleavened Bread,” which began on the second day of Passover. The Passover itself was celebrated for 8 days — from the evening of the 14th to the 21st in the month of Nisan, which corresponds with the end of March and the beginning of April. On the 10th day of Nisan, the heads of families had to select a one-year-old lamb, free of any defects. Then on the 14th day, it was prepared according to established practice, sacrificed in the courtyard of the sanctuary and baked. During the Passover celebrations, in memory of the original smearing of doorjambs and crossbeams with blood, the sacrificial table was sprinkled with the blood of the slaughtered lamb. That’s why the lamb was sacrificed near the tabernacle, and then within the temple. The baked lamb was eaten in its entirety — bones and all — with unleavened bread and bitter greens. The eating commenced precisely at sunset, on the 14th of Nisan. Before anything else, everybody approached a chalice filled with watered-down wine: after praising God, the head of the family drank from it, followed in turn by everybody that was present. This was called the first cup. Everybody then washed their hands and thanked God. They then commenced to slowly partake of the Pascal lamb, together with unleavened bread, bitter greens and thick sauce, made of dates, figs, grapes and vinegar. At the same time they pronounced words of praise, after which the serving plates were taken away and another chalice of watered-down wine brought in. The serving plates were removed so as to arouse interest among the children, prompting them to ask questions that would receive a detailed narrative on the feast day (Exod. 12:26-27).
The head of the family would relate the history of the Jews’ bondage in Egypt, their liberation and the establishment of this feast day — Passover — to commemorate this event. When the serving dishes were again brought in, he would pronounce: “This — Pascha, is eaten in memory of the Lord sparing our homes in Egypt”; raising the bread and the bitter greens, he explains that the first item reminds them of the haste of their flight from Egypt, while the second — the bitterness of their Egyptian bondage. Following this, they sang the first part of the so-called Hallelujah, namely Psalms 110-114, uttered short prayers and once again drank wine from the chalice, which was called the second chalice. They again washed their hands and ate lamb, bitter greens and bread. The lamb had to be totally consumed before the next day. They then again washed their hands and drank from the third chalice — called the chalice of benediction, because in drinking from it, the head of the family uttered a special prayer of praise to God for His exceptional grace. In conclusion, a fourth chalice was drunk called “galel,” because following this, the second part of Hallelujah (Psalms 115-118) were sung. The common belief among the liturgists is that this paschal supper laid the foundation for our Christian Eucharist — the Communion.
The words: “after two days is the Passover, and the Son of Man will be delivered up to be crucified,” shows the Divine prevision of the Lord. He knew the day of His death, despite His enemies stating: “not during the feast, lest there be an uproar among the people.”
Later, all three synoptics relate about the meeting of the high priests and Jewish elders on the demise of Jesus. Fearing not to agitate the people who might intervene for the Lord, they decided to take Him with cunning and quietly away from the people, avoiding the feast day. Possessed by a raging hatred and finding a betrayer, they decided not to wait for the end of the feast period. Saint Matthew narrates that this meeting took place in the house of the high priest Caiaphas, namely in his courtyard. The courtyards in the East, were found inside the building and often served as meeting places. The first name of Caiaphas was Joseph, while Caiaphas was his surname of family name. He was the son-in-law of the former high priest Anna or Annanas, who was replaced by the order of the Roman pro-consul.
Further, the first two Evangelists, Saints Matthew and Mark, narrate on the anointment of the Lord by a certain woman in the house of Simon the leper. Church tradition differentiates this anointment to that performed by Mary, sister of the resurrected Lazarus, which occurred 6 days before Passover and before the Lord’s entry into Jerusalem. Simon was called the leper, because apparently the Lord had healed him of leprosy. According to Church tradition (imprinted in a very moving way in a church service following Great Wednesday), the woman that approached the Lord with the intention of anointing Him with expensive oil, was a penitent sinner. She brought the myrrh in an alabaster container. The myrrh was an aromatic liquid, made of oil and scented additives — usually, the oil was the finest olive oil, combined with fragrant resins like nard or Commiphora gum and various flowers. Alabastar is a type of marble, outstanding for its lightness, transparency and beauty. Vases, urns, perfuming-pans and containers for holding aromatic items were made from this marble. In the East, the anointing with oil was applied not only in a higher sense, like with kings and high priests, but with ordinary people of wealth and renown that indulged in this for the sheer enjoyment. The myrrh was applied to the head, forehead, face, beard, clothing (Psalm 23:5; 133:2; Eccl. 9:8 and others), and as a mark of exceptional respect — to the feet.
But there were some who were indignant among themselves, and said, “Why was this fragrant oil wasted?” — not knowing the thoughts and profound feelings of reverence in the woman-sinner, and being aware of the Lord’s intolerance of extravagance, placing charity and benefaction above all else, the disciples condemned her. However, in this instance they were incorrect. The Lord justified her actions as coming from a warm faith and heart-felt contrition. “For you have the poor with you always” and you can always show benevolence toward them: “But Me you do not have always” — this was the presage of the nearness of His death. Apart from this, the Lord gives a special symbolic meaning to His action: “She has come beforehand to anoint My body for burial” — as this was an ancient practice to anoint the bodies of the dead with aromatics. As a reward for her action, the Lord foretells her perpetual memory among Christians of her deed. And we are seeing this — its narration is not only recorded in the Gospel, but also included in our Church Service: following Great Wednesday, our Church extols this woman’s action, drawing a contrasting parallel between that and Judas’ betrayal, which occurred later on the same day.
Then one of the twelve, called Judas Escariot, went to the chief priests and said, ‘What are you willing to give me if I deliver Him to you?” — “And they” — these words express not only the consequential events, but also the inner, logical association. Judas expected earthly gifts, worldly riches and dominion: his avarice was losing patience in seeing the Teacher’s total non-covetousness. According to Evangelist John (John 12:6), he began to reward himself from the treasury box, covertly appropriating sums of money that flowed into the box through donations. The incident in the house of Simon the leper, finally made him understand that it was futile to expect riches from the Teacher of poverty and self-abasement. The annoyance with the Lord for — as he thought — His betrayal of his expectations and a desire to utilize any situation for personal gain, made him a betrayer.
Forearmed with the knowledge of the Sanhedrin’s decision to seize the Lord, he approached the high priests in order to offer his services for money — to betray the Lord in an isolated place, away from any people. “What are you willing to give me?” — these words indicate his annoyance and rancor toward his Teacher, whom he decided to betray without haggling about money. That’s why they nominated a paltry sum — the price of a white slave — “thirty pieces of silver,” i.e. 30 silver coins, so-called “blessed shekels,” the approximate value of each being 80 cents, making a grand total of 24 silver dollars. Apparently, this sum was offered so as to show their contempt for the Lord Jesus Christ, taking into account the stinginess and greed of the betrayer that would not start bargaining. And indeed, Judas was very accommodating, not demanding more, and “from that time he sought opportunity to betray him.” The opportunity being when the Lord was alone, without the presence of many people that usually surrounded Him. The nominated sum fulfilled Zachariah’s prophecy (11:12-13) on the 30 silver pieces, that an ungrateful people evaluated for the fatherly care shown to them by Jehovah.
In the Name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit.
O God, be merciful to me, a sinner.
愿上帝怜恤我罪人
O Lord Jesus Christ, Son of God,
for the sake of the prayers
of Thy most pure Mother,
our holy and God-bearing fathers and all the saints, have mercy on us.
Amen.
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Blessed be God.
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